Lichen scrofulosorum (LS) represents immunologic reaction to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen and presents with subtle, asymptomatic, grouped follicular papules over the trunk and shows good therapeutic response to antitubercular drugs.
To study the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients diagnosed with LS.
A single-center retrospective review of patients diagnosed with LS from 1997 to 2018 was conducted. The data pertained to clinico-epidemiological profile, BCG vaccination, Mantoux positivity, laboratory investigations, coexistent focus of tuberculosis, and response to antitubercular treatment (ATT).
LS cases constituted 15.2% (221/1458) of all the patients diagnosed with cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB). Of these, 156 (70.5%) were pediatric patients. All patients presented with multiple follicular and perifollicular grouped papules. The trunk was the most common site involved (98.6%), followed by lower limb (25.33%), upper limb (15.83%), face (5%), and external genitalia (3.6%). Evidence of BCG vaccination and Mantoux test positivity was observed in 52.03 and 83.2%, respectively. Coexistent TB focus was detected in 134 (60.6%) patients in lymph nodes, lungs, abdomen, and unusual sites such as intracranial, endometrium, and eye. Twenty-eight patients (12.66%) had coexistent other clinical forms of CTB. Clinical diagnosis of LS was confirmed on histology that revealed chiefly periappendageal epithelioid cell granuloma. Response to ATT was good with complete resolution of lesion in 8-12weeks.
LS appears to be an underdiagnosed entity. Subtle and asymptomatic lesions of LS are often missed, thereby necessitating a high index of suspicion and appropriate evaluation of the underlying TB focus.
LS appears to be an underdiagnosed entity. Subtle and asymptomatic lesions of LS are often missed, thereby necessitating a high index of suspicion and appropriate evaluation of the underlying TB focus.The spotback skate Atlantoraja castelnaui (Arhynchobatidae) is a large and threatened skate species subjected to fishing pressure, endemic to the Southwest Atlantic that occurs from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to San Jorge Gulf, Argentina. The age, growth, age at maturity and the maximum intrinsic rate of population increase rmax of A. castelnaui were studied using 152 specimens collected from off Uruguay and north Argentina (35°-42° S), between June 2013 and February 2020. Vertebrae from 143 individuals were used for ageing (females n =?83, size range 404-1300?mm total length, TL; males n =?60, size range 400-1270?mm TL). Maximum ages determined for females and males were 30 and 28?years, respectively. To fit growth models, non-linear and Bayesian estimation approaches were considered. For the first approach, a set of four candidate growth (size-at-age) models were fitted three-parameter von Bertalanffy, two-parameter von Bertalanffy with fixed L0 , Gompertz and Logistic. In the second approach, von Bertalanffy, Gompertz and Logistic were fitted. For non-linear estimation, model selection indicated that the entire set of candidate growth models were supported by the data. The von Bertalanffy was selected as the best model for Bayesian estimation. There were no differences in growth between sexes. For the sexes combined, the von Bertalanffy growth model by Bayesian method was considered the most adequate to describe the growth of A. castelnaui (growth mean parameters ± S.D. L∞ =?1210.29?±?40.68?mm; k = 0.12?±?0.01?years-1 ; L0 =?179.20?±?11.62?mm). The age at maturity was estimated at 16.21 and 14.04?years for females and males, respectively. The maximum intrinsic rate of population increase rmax was estimated as 0.252?years-1 . https://www.selleckchem.com/products/INCB18424.html Life-history traits and rmax provided in the present study suggest that this species has a relatively low productivity and may be vulnerable to an intense fishing pressure.We describe the composition and variation of women's resource strategies in an arid-living Southern African agro-pastoralist society to gain insights into adaptation to climate-change-induced increased aridity.
Using cross-sectional data from 210 women collected in 2009 across 28 agro-pastoralist villages in Kaokoveld Namibia, we conducted principal-component (PC) analysis of resource variables and constructed profiles of resource strategies from the major PCs. Next, we explored associations between key resource strategies and demographic measures and fitness proxies.
The first two PCs accounted for 43% of women's overall resource variation. PC1 reflects women's ability to access market resources via livestock trading, while PC2 captured women's direct food access. We found that market strategies were more common among married women and less common among women who have experienced child mortality. Women with higher subsistence security were more likely to be from the OvaHimba tribe and had a higher riskes in this region.What conditions favor competitive outcomes at different stages of the reproductive process? De Nardo et al. found that in Drosophila melanogaster, the evolution of male secondary sexual traits was influenced by sexual selection through mating success and competitive fertilization.Dehydroandrographolide (DA) is a diterpene compound of biological interest that contains one α,β-unsaturated lactone group and two hydroxy groups. In the ESI (electrospray ionization) negative ion mode mass spectral analysis of 15-dideuterodehydroandrographolide (15-D-DA), the deuterium nucleus at the γ position of the α,β-unsaturated lactone was more easily dedeuterated than deprotonation of the protons from the hydroxy groups. Exploring the rationality of deuteration as a tool for deprotonation position tracking is significant for gas-phase acidity.
The mass spectra of DA and 15-D-DA in positive and negative ion mode were acquired by liquid chromatography/ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/IT-TOF) systems. The deprotonation and dedeuteration energies at specific sites were calculated by the B3LYP and M06-2X density functional theory (DFT) methods with the program Gaussian 16.
The [M?+?H]ion of 15-D-DA was 2amu larger than that of DA due to the substitution of two hydrogens with two deuteriums; however, the anion base peak of 15-D-DA was only 1amu larger than that of the [M-H]ion of DA.